Category: Factoring with Cubic Integers
Blog Entry (c) Thursday, June 19, 2025, Factorizations of Some Composite Integers Using Two Different Computer Languages and Methods
Factorizations of the Seventh Fermat Number
and Other Composite Integers Using the
Pollard-Shor-Williams C# App and the LIP
Lenstra Elliptic Curve Method
It took 20.1 hours for J. M. Pollard to
factor the Seventh Fermat Number in
December 1988. He was using an 8-bit
Philips P2012 personal computer with
64k RAM and two 640k floppy drives.
His seven programs were written in the
Pascal computer language. The current
author was using a 64-bit Core i5 Dell
Latitude 3410 notebook computer with
8 GB RAM and a 235 GB solid state
hard drive. The computer language was
Windows 32 vanilla C in the Release x64
Configuration. The operating system was
Windows 11 Pro with the Visual Studio
2022 Community Version Integrated
Development Environment and C#.
2^128+1
340282366920938463463374607431768211457 39
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 1
59649589127497217 p 17
5704689200685129054721 p 22
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:20:31.359
Function Evaluations = 661379586
2^128+1
340282366920938463463374607431768211457 39
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 2
59649589127497217 p 17
5704689200685129054721 p 22
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:12:31.146
Function Evaluations = 283327140
2^128+1
340282366920938463463374607431768211457 39
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 3
59649589127497217 p 17
5704689200685129054721 p 22
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:21:53.637
Function Evaluations = 371472150
2^128+1
340282366920938463463374607431768211457 39
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 4
59649589127497217 p 17
5704689200685129054721 p 22
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:15:25.712
Function Evaluations = 197866620
2^128+1
340282366920938463463374607431768211457 39
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 5
59649589127497217 p 17
5704689200685129054721 p 22
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:03:06.030
Function Evaluations = 19501012
2^128+1
340282366920938463463374607431768211457 39
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 6
59649589127497217 p 17
5704689200685129054721 p 22
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:12:25.076
Function Evaluations = 198404541
2^128+1
340282366920938463463374607431768211457 39
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 7
59649589127497217 p 17
5704689200685129054721 p 22
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:20:59.172
Function Evaluations = 168943987
2^128+1
340282366920938463463374607431768211457 39
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 8
59649589127497217 p 17
5704689200685129054721 p 22
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:04:58.588
Function Evaluations = 13754504
Using Lenstra's Elliptic Curve Method
enter the number to be factored below:
2^128+1
340282366920938463463374607431768211457
number has 39 digits
== Menu ==
1 Cohen's Brent-Pollard Method
2 Cohen's Trial Division
3 Lenstra's Elliptic Curve Method
4 Pollard p-1 Method First Stage
5 Pollard p-1 Both Stages
6 Pollard-Shor-Williams Method
7 Exit Application
Enter an option '1' to '7':
3
factorization is complete
Runtime in seconds:
1.00000 sec.
original number has 39-decimal digits
'c' means composite and 'p' means prime
59649589127497217 17-decimal digits p
5704689200685129054721 22-decimal digits p
enter the number to be factored below:
Miscellaneous numbers using the C# app:
2^32+1
4294967297 10
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 1
641 p 3
6700417 p 7
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:00:00.034
Function Evaluations = 57
2^41-1
2199023255551 13
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 1
13367 p 5
164511353 p 9
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:00:00.003
Function Evaluations = 1128
2^67-1
147573952589676412927 21
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 1
193707721 p 9
761838257287 p 12
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:00:00.065
Function Evaluations = 30519
2^144-3
22300745198530623141535718272648361505980413 44
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 1
492729991333 p 12
45259565260477899162010980272761 p 32
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:00:04.804
Function Evaluations = 2458746
2^32+1
4294967297 10
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 5
641 p 3
6700417 p 7
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:00:00.001
Function Evaluations = 81
2^41-1
2199023255551 13
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 5
13367 p 5
164511353 p 9
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:00:00.002
Function Evaluations = 174
2^67-1
147573952589676412927 21
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 5
193707721 p 9
761838257287 p 12
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:00:00.050
Function Evaluations = 35949
2^144-3
22300745198530623141535718272648361505980413 44
Pseudo-Random Number Generator Seed = 1
Number of Tasks = 5
492729991333 p 12
45259565260477899162010980272761 p 32
Total Elapsed Runtime Hrs:Min:Sec.MS = 00:00:01.613
Function Evaluations = 632928
Now Lenstra's ECM:
enter the number to be factored below:
2^32+1
4294967297
number has 10 digits
== Menu ==
1 Cohen's Brent-Pollard Method
2 Cohen's Trial Division
3 Lenstra's Elliptic Curve Method
4 Pollard p-1 Method First Stage
5 Pollard p-1 Both Stages
6 Pollard-Shor-Williams Method
7 Exit Application
Enter an option '1' to '7':
3
factorization is complete
Runtime in seconds:
0.00000 sec.
original number has 10-decimal digits
'c' means composite and 'p' means prime
641 3-decimal digits p
6700417 7-decimal digits p
enter the number to be factored below:
2^41-1
2199023255551
number has 13 digits
== Menu ==
1 Cohen's Brent-Pollard Method
2 Cohen's Trial Division
3 Lenstra's Elliptic Curve Method
4 Pollard p-1 Method First Stage
5 Pollard p-1 Both Stages
6 Pollard-Shor-Williams Method
7 Exit Application
Enter an option '1' to '7':
3
factorization is complete
Runtime in seconds:
0.00000 sec.
original number has 13-decimal digits
'c' means composite and 'p' means prime
13367 5-decimal digits p
164511353 9-decimal digits p
enter the number to be factored below:
2^67-1
147573952589676412927
number has 21 digits
== Menu ==
1 Cohen's Brent-Pollard Method
2 Cohen's Trial Division
3 Lenstra's Elliptic Curve Method
4 Pollard p-1 Method First Stage
5 Pollard p-1 Both Stages
6 Pollard-Shor-Williams Method
7 Exit Application
Enter an option '1' to '7':
3
factorization is complete
Runtime in seconds:
0.00000 sec.
original number has 21-decimal digits
'c' means composite and 'p' means prime
193707721 9-decimal digits p
761838257287 12-decimal digits p
enter the number to be factored below:
2^144-3
22300745198530623141535718272648361505980413
number has 44 digits
== Menu ==
1 Cohen's Brent-Pollard Method
2 Cohen's Trial Division
3 Lenstra's Elliptic Curve Method
4 Pollard p-1 Method First Stage
5 Pollard p-1 Both Stages
6 Pollard-Shor-Williams Method
7 Exit Application
Enter an option '1' to '7':
3
factorization is complete
Runtime in seconds:
0.00000 sec.
original number has 44-decimal digits
'c' means composite and 'p' means prime
492729991333 12-decimal digits p
45259565260477899162010980272761 32-decimal digits p
enter the number to be factored below:
For the last number 2^144-3 it took J. M. Pollard's
factoring with cubic integers 47 hours in 1988.
Blog Entry (c) Tuesday September 3, 2024, by James Pate Williams, Jr.
Preliminary Factorization Results of the Thirteenth Fermat Number (c) February 5, 2024, by James Pate Williams, Jr.
I am working on a factorization of the Thirteenth Fermat number which is 2 ^ 8192 + 1 and is 2,467 decimal digits in length. I am using Pollard’s factoring with cubic integers on the number (2 ^ 2731) ^ 3 + 2. I am also utilizing a homegrown variant of the venerable Pollard and Brent rho method and Arjen K. Lenstra’s Free LIP Elliptic Curve Method. I can factor the seventh Fermat number 2 ^ 128 + 1 in five to thirty minutes using my C# code. The factoring with cubic integers code is in C and uses Free-LIP.
Fermat factoring status (prothsearch.com)
The following is a run of Lenstra’s ECM algorithm:
== Data Menu ==
1 Simple Number
2 Fibonacci Sequence Number
3 Lucas Sequence Number
4 Exit
Enter option (1 – 4): 1
Enter a number to be factored: 2^8192+1
Enter a random number generator seed: 1
== Factoring Menu ==
1 Lenstra’s ECM
2 Lenstra’s Pollard-Rho
3 Pollard’s Factoring with Cubic Integers
Option (1 – 3): 1
2710954639361 p # digits 13
3603109844542291969 p # digits 19
Runtime (s) = 17015.344000
I aborted the previous computation due to the fact I was curious about the number of prime factors that could be found on personal computer. I will try a lot more calculation time in a future run. My homegrown application is able to at least find the first factor of Fermat Number 13.
Factorizations of Some Fibonacci Sequence Numbers, Lucas Sequence Numbers and Some Other Numbers Using Arjen K. Lenstra’s Free Large Integer Package and the Elliptic Curve Method (c) January 28, 2024, by James Pate Williams, Jr.
All of the following computations were performed on a late 2015 Dell XPS 8900 personal computer with a 64-bit Intel Core I7 processor @ 4.0GHz with 16GB of DDR2 RAM.
Factorization of Six Fibonacci Sequence Numbers:
Fibonacci 500
# digits 105
5 ^ 2 p # digits 1
15 c # digits 2
101 p # digits 3
401 p # digits 3
1661 c # digits 4
3001 p # digits 4
10291 c # digits 5
570601 p # digits 6
112128001 p # digits 9
1353439001 p # digits 10
28143378001 p # digits 11
5465167948001 p # digits 13
84817574770589638001 p # digits 20
158414167964045700001 p # digits 21
Runtime (s) = 1.206000
Fibonacci 505
# digits 106
5 p # digits 1
743519377 p # digits 9
44614641121 p # digits 11
770857978613 p # digits 12
960700389041 p # digits 12
12588421794766514566269164716286291055826556238643852856601641 p # digits 62
Runtime (s) = 1.959000
Fibonacci 510
# digits 107
2 ^ 3 p # digits 1
11 p # digits 2
61 p # digits 2
1021 p # digits 4
1597 p # digits 4
3469 p # digits 4
3571 p # digits 4
9521 p # digits 4
53551 p # digits 5
95881 p # digits 5
142445 c # digits 6
1158551 p # digits 7
3415914041 p # digits 10
20778644396941 p # digits 14
20862774425341 p # digits 14
81358225616651 c # digits 14
162716451241291 p # digits 15
Runtime (s) = 2.682000
Fibonacci 515
# digits 108
5 p # digits 1
519121 p # digits 6
5644193 p # digits 7
512119709 p # digits 9
84388938382141 p # digits 14
300367026458796424297447559250634818495937628065437243817852436228914621 p # digits 72
Runtime (s) = 7.861000
Fibonacci 520
# digits 109
131 p # digits 3
451 c # digits 3
521 p # digits 3
2081 p # digits 4
2161 p # digits 4
3121 p # digits 4
24571 p # digits 5
90481 p # digits 5
2519895 c # digits 7
21183761 p # digits 8
57089761 p # digits 8
102193207 p # digits 9
1932300241 p # digits 10
14736206161 p # digits 11
5836312049326721 p # digits 16
42426476041450801 p # digits 17
Runtime (s) = 5.155000
Fibonacci 525
# digits 110
2 p # digits 1
5 p # digits 1
421 p # digits 3
701 p # digits 3
3001 p # digits 4
3965 c # digits 4
4201 p # digits 4
141961 p # digits 6
2553601 p # digits 7
230686501 p # digits 9
8288823481 p # digits 10
82061511001 p # digits 11
19072991752501 c # digits 14
8481116649425701 p # digits 16
17231203730201189308301 p # digits 23
Runtime (s) = 2.026000
Factorization of Six Lucas Sequence Numbers
Lucas 340
113709744839525149336680459091826532688903186653162057995534262332121127
# digits 72
7 p # digits 1
2161 p # digits 4
5441 p # digits 4
897601 p # digits 6
23230657239121 p # digits 14
17276792316211992881 p # digits 20
3834936832404134644974961 p # digits 25
Runtime (s) = 109.103000
Lucas 345
# digits 73
2 ^ 2 p # digits 1
31 p # digits 2
461 p # digits 3
1151 p # digits 4
1529 c # digits 4
324301 p # digits 6
686551 p # digits 6
1485571 p # digits 7
4641631 p # digits 7
19965899801 c # digits 11
117169733521 p # digits 12
3490125311294161 p # digits 16
Runtime (s) = 0.032000
Lucas 350
13985374084677485786380981408251904922622980674054858121032362563653278123
# digits 74
3 p # digits 1
401 p # digits 3
2801 p # digits 4
11521 c # digits 5
28001 p # digits 5
570601 p # digits 6
12317523121 p # digits 11
248773766357061401 p # digits 18
7358192362316341243805801 p # digits 25
Runtime (s) = 21.047000
Lucas 355
69362907070206748494476200566565775354902428015845969798000696945226974645
# digits 74
5 p # digits 1
4261 p # digits 4
6673 p # digits 4
75309701 p # digits 8
309273161 p # digits 9
46165371073 p # digits 11
9207609261398081 p # digits 16
49279722643391864192801 p # digits 23
Runtime (s) = 40.726000
Lucas 360
769246427201094785080787978422393713094534885688979999504447628313150135520
# digits 75
2 ^ 5 p # digits 1
3 ^ 2 p # digits 1
23 p # digits 2
41 p # digits 2
105 c # digits 3
107 p # digits 3
241 p # digits 3
2161 p # digits 4
2521 p # digits 4
3439 c # digits 4
8641 p # digits 4
20641 p # digits 5
103681 p # digits 6
109441 p # digits 6
191306797 c # digits 9
10783342081 p # digits 11
13373763765986881 p # digits 17
Runtime (s) = 0.032000
Lucas 365
19076060504701386559675231910437330047906343529583769121365013189782992678011
# digits 77
11 p # digits 2
151549 p # digits 6
514651 p # digits 6
7015301 p # digits 7
8942501 p # digits 7
9157663121 p # digits 10
11899937029 p # digits 11
3252336525249736694804553589211 p # digits 31
The following two numbers were first factorized by J. M. Pollard on an 8-bit Phillips P2012 personal computer with 64 KB RAM and two 640 KB disc drives. The times required by Pollard were 41 and 47 hours.
2^144-3
22300745198530623141535718272648361505980413
# digits 44
492729991333 p # digits 12
45259565260477899162010980272761 p # digits 32
Runtime (s) = 0.086000
2^153+3
11417981541647679048466287755595961091061972995
# digits 47
5 p # digits 1
11 p # digits 2
600696432006490087537 p # digits 21
345598297796034189382757 p # digits 24
Runtime (s) = 0.676000
Partial factorization of the Twelfth Fermat Number 2^4096+1
# digits 1234
114689 p # digits 6
26017793 p # digits 8
63766529 p # digits 8
190274191361 p # digits 12
Runtime (s) = 1532.878000
Latest Software Development Project Started on Saturday, October 15, 2022, 12:07:19 AM by James Pate Williams, Jr.
I am in the progress of translating (porting) my J. M. Pollard’s algorithm “Factoring with Cubic Integers” C# application to a Free LIP based vanilla C Windows 32-bit console application. The first phase of the method is to generate two factor bases namely a rational prime factor base and an algebraic integer prime factor base. I have included some preliminary results from this fast-moving computer programming task. I generated 2012 algebraic integer primes in about a minute and thirty seconds.



Pollard Cubic Integer Factoring and Classical Shor Factoring Algorithms by James Pate Williams, Jr.
Back on Thursday, January 10, 2019, at 02:40 AM I started implementing J. M. Pollard’s factoring with cubic integers method and a classical variant of Shor’s quantum computer factoring algorithm. I have probably implemented at least three versions of Pollard’s magnificent work which led to the special number field sieve fast factoring method. I am working on translating my C# code of these two algorithms to Arjen K. Lenstra’s Free Large Integer Package in the C computer programming language. Appended to this electronic missive are factorizations of two small 19-decimal digit numbers 2^63-1 and 2^63+1. Pollard’s method requires that the exponent be divisible by three. Thus, we write the numbers as 2^ (21 * 3) plus or minus 1. You can factor numbers with different bases and small addends and subtrahends as long as the exponent is zero modulo 3. You will notice that Shor’s algorithm is very fast on these small numbers.




Classical Shor’s Algorithm Versus J. M. Pollard’s Factoring with Cubic Integers
We tried to factor the following numbers with each algorithm: 11^3+2, 2^33+2, 5^15+2, 2^66+2, 2^72+2, 2^81+2, 2^101+2, 2^129+2, and 2^183+2. Shor’s algorithm fully factored all of the numbers. Factoring with cubic integers fully factored all numbers except 2^66+2, 2^71+2, 2^129+2, and 2^183+2.


















Typical full output from factoring with cubic integers:
A-Solutions = 973 B-Solutions = 234 Known Eqs = 614 Solutions = 1821 Rows = 1821 Columns = 1701 Kernel rank = 423 Sieved = 326434 Successes0 = 200863 Successes1 = 47073 Successes2 = 2708 Successes3 = 973 Successes4 = 1735 2417851639229258349412354 - 25 DDs 2 p 65537 p 414721 p 44479210368001 p Sets = 189 #Factor Base 1 = 501 #Factor Base 2 = 868 FactB1 time = 00:00:00.000 FactB2 time = 00:00:05.296 Sieve time = 00:00:17.261 Kernel time = 00:00:06.799 Factor time = 00:00:02.327 Total time = 00:00:31.742
A-solutions have no large prime. B-solutions have a large prime between B0 and B1 exclusively which is this case is between 3272 and 50000 exclusively. The known equations are between the rational primes and the cubic primes and their associates of the form p = 6k + 1 that have -2 as a cubic residue. There are 81 rational primes of the form and 243 cubic primes but we keep many other associates of the cubic primes so more a and b pairs are successfully algebraically factored. In out case the algebraic factor base has 868 members. The rational prime factor base also includes the negative unit -1. The kernel rank is the number of independent columns in the matrix. The number of dependent sets is equal to columns – rank which is this case 1701 – 423 = 1278. The number of (a, b) pairs sieved is 326434. Successes0 is the pairs that have gcd(a, b) = 1. Successes1 is the number of (a, b) pairs such that a+b*r is B0-smooth or can be factored by the first 500 primes and the negative unit. r is equal to 2^27. Successes2 is the number of (a, b) pairs whose N[a, b] = a^2-2*b^3 can be factored using the norms of the algebraic primes. Successes3 is the number of A-solutions that are algebraically and rationally smooth. Successes4 is the number of B-solutions without combining to make the count modulo 2 = 0. Successes3 + Successes4 should equal Successes2 provided all proper algebraic primes and their associates are utilized.
Note factoring with cubic integers is very fickle with respect to parameter choice.